The misconception that bodyweight training is only for beginners or cardio fitness ignores the evidence. Gymnastics athletes who train exclusively with bodyweight movements display exceptional muscle development. The difference is that their training is highly progressive and loaded - they use leverage and difficulty progressions to ensure they're constantly working near their limits.
The most effective bodyweight exercises for muscle building: Push-ups (and all progressions including archer and pseudo-planche push-ups) build chest, shoulder, and triceps effectively. Dips using parallel bars, chairs, or a sturdy table build impressive triceps and lower chest. Pull-ups and chin-ups are unsurpassed for lat and bicep development. Australian rows (inverted rows under a table) train the back when a pull-up bar isn't available. Pistol squats are as demanding as single-leg barbell work and build impressive leg development. Pike push-ups and handstand push-up progressions build shoulder size comparable to overhead pressing.
The critical factor is using the hardest variation you can do for 5-12 reps and progressing when you can do 15+ reps. High-rep, easy bodyweight exercises build endurance, not muscle. Slow tempos (3-4 second eccentric), pauses at the hardest point, and explosive concentric phases all increase muscle activation and growth stimulus from bodyweight work. Programme these movements with the same structure as a gym programme and results will follow.